TY - JOUR
T1 - Engineering of rare-earth Eu3+ ions doping on p-type NiO for selective detection of toluene gas sensing and luminescence properties
AU - Mokoena, Teboho P.
AU - Swart, Hendrik C.
AU - Hillie, Kenneth T.
AU - Motaung, David E.
N1 - Funding Information:
The financial support of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) , Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and National Research Foundation is acknowledged. TPM acknowledges the CSIR-Human Capital Development for the PhD studentship. HCS acknowledges the Sarchi chair initiative of the Department of Science and Technology ( 84415 ) for equipment and financial support.
Funding Information:
The financial support of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and National Research Foundation is acknowledged. TPM acknowledges the CSIR-Human Capital Development for the PhD studentship. HCS acknowledges the Sarchi chair initiative of the Department of Science and Technology (84415) for equipment and financial support.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021
PY - 2021/11/15
Y1 - 2021/11/15
N2 - We present the engineering of various concentrations of rare-earth europium (Eu3+) ions in the range of 1–4 wt% doped in p-type NiO for selective detection of toluene prepared utilizing the hydrothermal method. The undoped showed a nanoflake-like, while doped samples displayed the evolution of NiO that was induced by Eu3+ dopants. The X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence (PL) findings showed that the Eu3+ ions were successfully doped into NiO. The PL emission spectrum upon the excitation of 394 nm and displayed four emission peaks with the maxima at 468, 571, 611, and 665 nm. Among the doped samples, the 3 wt% Eu3+ doped NiO displayed improved response (Rg/Ra ≈25 %) towards 60 ppm toluene vapour in the presence of other interfering vapours, such as benzene, ethylene-benzene and xylene at the functional temperature of 100 °C with a bias voltage of 1 V. The 3 wt% Eu3+ doped NiO based sensor response was approximately 1.5 higher in comparison to other vapours, with sensitivity and low detection limit of 0.36 ppm−1 and 250 ppb, respectively. Under the bias voltage and exposure time of 2 V and 3 h, respectively, we noticed a massive response of Rg/Ra ≈ 59 %, which is twice higher compared to the initial response Thus, the probability of fine-tuning the gas sensitivity and selectivity of the Eu3+ doped NiO based sensor by designing the relative amount of Eu3+ in NiO (∼3 wt% Eu) is encouraging for further fabrication of Eu3+doped NiO as a potential sensor for toluene detection.
AB - We present the engineering of various concentrations of rare-earth europium (Eu3+) ions in the range of 1–4 wt% doped in p-type NiO for selective detection of toluene prepared utilizing the hydrothermal method. The undoped showed a nanoflake-like, while doped samples displayed the evolution of NiO that was induced by Eu3+ dopants. The X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence (PL) findings showed that the Eu3+ ions were successfully doped into NiO. The PL emission spectrum upon the excitation of 394 nm and displayed four emission peaks with the maxima at 468, 571, 611, and 665 nm. Among the doped samples, the 3 wt% Eu3+ doped NiO displayed improved response (Rg/Ra ≈25 %) towards 60 ppm toluene vapour in the presence of other interfering vapours, such as benzene, ethylene-benzene and xylene at the functional temperature of 100 °C with a bias voltage of 1 V. The 3 wt% Eu3+ doped NiO based sensor response was approximately 1.5 higher in comparison to other vapours, with sensitivity and low detection limit of 0.36 ppm−1 and 250 ppb, respectively. Under the bias voltage and exposure time of 2 V and 3 h, respectively, we noticed a massive response of Rg/Ra ≈ 59 %, which is twice higher compared to the initial response Thus, the probability of fine-tuning the gas sensitivity and selectivity of the Eu3+ doped NiO based sensor by designing the relative amount of Eu3+ in NiO (∼3 wt% Eu) is encouraging for further fabrication of Eu3+doped NiO as a potential sensor for toluene detection.
KW - Eu rare earth
KW - Luminescence
KW - NiO
KW - Toluene sensing
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85113820494&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.snb.2021.130530
DO - 10.1016/j.snb.2021.130530
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85113820494
SN - 0925-4005
VL - 347
JO - Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical
JF - Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical
M1 - 130530
ER -