Lie symmetry analysis of cubic–quartic optical solitons having cubic–quintic–septic–nonic form of self-phase modulation structure

The present study examines optical solitons characterized by cubic–quartic dynamics and featuring a self-phase modulation structure encompassing cubic, quintic, septal, and nonic terms. Soliton solutions are obtained through Lie symmetry analysis, followed by integration of the resulting ordinary differential equations using Kudryashov’s auxiliary equation method and a hyperbolic function approach. A comprehensive range of optical soliton solutions has been recovered, alongside the revelation of their criteria for existence.