On- and off-licensed premises drinking behaviour among adults in the city of Tshwane, South Africa: An analysis of data from the International Alcohol Control study

Introduction and Aims: Alcohol use is among the leading risk factors for premature death and morbidity in South Africa. This study sought to identify factors associated with drinking behaviour in on- and off-licensed premises (typical occasion quantity and frequency) among adults in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. Design and Methods: A household survey was conducted in 2014, using a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling design. Participants comprised 982 adults (65% males) aged 18–65 years. Factors explored included socio-demographic variables and situational variables at on- and off-licensed premises. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to predict drinking behaviour at on- and off-licensed premises. Results: The majority of the participants consumed alcohol in off-licensed premises (64% vs. 36%). However, participants who consumed alcohol at on-licensed premises were more likely to drink more alcohol and more frequently (weekly). Additionally, participants who consumed alcohol in above-average sized containers were more likely to consume six or more drinks and drink weekly. Being of high socio-economic status was associated with drinking weekly at off-licensed premises, while being less educated was associated with a significantly higher frequency of drinking at on-licensed premises. Discussion and Conclusions: Interventions to reduce alcohol use should target specific drinking behaviour at on- and off-licensed premises, for example, regulating the availability of alcohol in big-sized containers and the need for cutting down on quantity of alcohol and frequency of drinking for South African males who drink at on- and off-licensed premises.