Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) Flowers

Damask rose (R. damascena) is a prominent plant often used in both traditional and modern health treatments. This species was originally introduced from the Middle East into Western Europe and has a long-established connection with medicinal, cosmetic, and spiritual practices. The flowers of R. damascena have a rich variety of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, essential oils, and terpenes. The plant is notable for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Additionally, its extracts have been explored for their neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-ulcer activities, showing potential in health and wellness. The phytochemical composition of R. damascena includes anthocyanin glycosides, proanthocyanidins, and essential oils such as geraniol, citronellol, and linalool. These compounds are accountable for the plant’s characteristic scent and other biological activities. However, despite its extensive use, it is significant to consider the proper harvesting, drying, and extraction methods to preserve the integrity of the bioactive compounds. Overall, R. damascena is a valuable candidate for innovative applications due to its economic significance and remarkable potential. This chapter aims to provide an academic overview of the bioactive flower components and to highlight their enduring relevance in modern science and industry.